🧪 Chapter 1: The Living World – Adaptations and Classification

🔹 Key Concepts

ConceptExplanation
AdaptationA special feature that helps an organism survive in its environment.
HabitatThe natural home or environment of an organism.
Terrestrial HabitatLand-based habitat (e.g., desert, forest).
Aquatic HabitatWater-based habitat (e.g., oceans, rivers).
Structural AdaptationPhysical changes (e.g., camel’s hump, cactus spines).
Behavioral AdaptationChanges in behavior (e.g., migration of birds).

🔹 Types of Adaptations

TypeExample OrganismAdaptation Feature
DesertCamelHump for fat storage, long eyelashes
MountainSnow LeopardThick fur for warmth
AquaticFishGills for breathing, fins for movement
ForestTigerStriped body for camouflage
GrasslandDeerStrong legs to run fast

🔹 Classification of Living Things

  • Need for Classification: Makes study easier, helps in identifying organisms.

  • Hierarchy of Classification:

    • Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species

🌱 Chapter 2: Plants – Structure and Function

🔹 Parts of a Plant and Their Functions

PartFunction
RootAbsorbs water and minerals; anchors the plant
StemSupports the plant; transports water and nutrients
LeafSite of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll
FlowerReproductive part of plant; produces fruits and seeds
FruitProtects seeds; helps in seed dispersal

🔹 Types of Roots

TypeFeaturesExamples
Tap RootOne main root with smaller branchesMango, Neem
Fibrous RootCluster of similar-sized rootsGrass, Wheat

🔹 Photosynthesis

TermMeaning
PhotosynthesisProcess by which plants make food using sunlight, water, and CO₂
ChlorophyllGreen pigment that helps absorb sunlight
Equation6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (Glucose + Oxygen)

🔹 Transport in Plants

  • Water and minerals: absorbed by roots → transported to leaves via xylem.

  • Food: prepared in leaves → transported via phloem.

🔹 Reproduction in Plants

TypeExample
AsexualPotato (via tuber), Bryophyllum (leaf buds)
SexualFlowering plants (pollen + ovule = seed)
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