1) 20 Important Words & Meanings (Meanings in Hindi)

2) Important Notes (Quick Revision)

• Seed germination: The radicle grows downward to form the root; the plumule grows upward to form shoot.
• Root systems: Tap root (dicots) has one main root with laterals; fibrous roots (monocots) are many similar thin roots; adventitious roots arise from stem/leaf (e.g., maize prop/stilt roots, banyan prop roots).
• Root regions: Root tip is delicate and covered by a root cap; root hairs near the tip absorb water and minerals.
• Stem: Bears nodes, internodes, buds; conducts water (xylem) & food (phloem), supports leaves/flowers/fruits.
• Leaf parts: Lamina, leaf apex, margin (entire/dentate/lobed), midrib, veins, petiole, leaf base, sometimes stipules.
• Leaf types: Simple (single lamina) vs compound (divided into leaflets). Arrangements on stem: alternate, opposite, whorled, spiral/decussate.
• Venation: Reticulate (net-like, usually dicots like peepal); parallel (monocots like maize).
• Flower whorls: Calyx (sepals), corolla (petals), androecium (stamens = anther + filament), gynoecium (carpels = stigma + style + ovary).
• Pollination & fertilization: Pollen from anther reaches stigma (pollination). Pollen fertilizes ovule in ovary; ovary → fruit, ovules → seeds.
• Fruits & seeds: One-seeded fruits (e.g., mango) vs many-seeded (e.g., guava, tomato); cashew seed lies outside the false fruit.
• Monocot vs dicot seeds: Monocots do not split into two equal parts (maize, rice); dicots split into two cotyledons (pea, groundnut).
• Identification of plants: Based on differences in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds.

3) 20 Important “One-Word Answer” Type Questions

1. Which embryonic part grows downward to form the root?
   Radicle — the first part that enters the soil.
2. Which embryonic part forms the shoot system?
   Plumule — grows above the soil.
3. Name the root system typical of dicot plants.
   Tap root system.
4. Name the root system typical of monocot plants.
   Fibrous root system.
5. Which roots arise from stem or leaves?
   Adventitious roots — e.g., maize stilt roots.
6. What protects the delicate root tip?
   Root cap.
7. What increases the absorbing surface of roots?
   Root hairs.
8. What is the point on stem from which a leaf arises?
   Node.
9. Name the region between two nodes.
   Internode.
10. What is the stalk of a leaf called?
    Petiole.
11. Which venation is seen in peepal leaf?
    Reticulate venation.
12. Which venation is seen in maize leaf?
    Parallel venation.
13. Collective term for sepals?
    Calyx.
14. Collective term for petals?
    Corolla.
15. Male reproductive whorl of flower?
    Androecium.
16. Female reproductive whorl of flower?
    Gynoecium.
17. Fruit develops from which floral part?
    Ovary.
18. Seeds develop from which structures?
    Ovules (after fertilization).
19. What is the swollen base that bears all floral whorls?
    Receptacle.
20. What is the flower stalk called?
    Pedicel.

4) 20 Very Short Answer Questions

1. State two main types of roots in flowering plants.
   Tap roots and fibrous roots.
2. Which roots of banyan provide extra support?
   Prop roots (adventitious).
3. Which maize roots arise above the soil?
   Stilt roots (adventitious).
4. Name any one function of the stem.
   Conduction of water/food; support to leaves, flowers, fruits.
5. Define lamina.
   The broad, flat leaf blade.
6. What are stipules?
   Small leaf-like structures at the leaf base in some plants.
7. Give one leaf arrangement type.
   Alternate / opposite / whorled (any one).
8. Simple vs compound leaf — one point.
   Simple: single lamina; compound: divided into leaflets.
9. Name the parts of a stamen.
   Anther and filament.
10. Name the parts of a carpel.
    Stigma, style, ovary.
11. What is pollination?
    Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
12. After fertilization, ovules change into?
    Seeds.
13. After fertilization, the ovary changes into?
    Fruit.
14. Give one example of a one-seeded fruit.
    Mango / date (any one).
15. Give one example of a many-seeded fruit.
    Tomato / guava / papaya.
16. Monocot seeds split into two equal parts?
    No, they have a single cotyledon.
17. Dicot seeds split into two equal parts?
    Yes, two cotyledons.
18. Which venation helps identify a monocot leaf quickly?
    Parallel venation.
19. Name a leaf margin type.
    Entire / dentate / lobed.
20. Function of root hairs?
    Absorption of water and minerals.

5) 20 Short Answer Questions (2–3 lines)

1. Differentiate tap root and fibrous root systems.
   Tap root: one main root with lateral branches, typical of dicots. Fibrous: many similar thin roots from stem base, typical of monocots.
2. What happens if root tip is injured?
   Growth slows or stops at that tip; the root cap normally protects it during soil penetration.
3. State two functions of the stem.
   Supports aerial parts and conducts water (xylem) & food (phloem); may also store food in some plants.
4. Describe leaf venation types with one example each.
   Reticulate: net-like (peepal, mango). Parallel: veins run side by side (maize, banana).
5. How do prop roots help banyan?
   They grow downward from branches, anchor and support the huge canopy like pillars.
6. What are stilt roots?
   Adventitious roots arising from lower nodes of stem (e.g., maize) to brace and support the plant.
7. Explain simple vs compound leaf with an example.
   Simple: one undivided blade (mango). Compound: several leaflets on one petiole (neem/rose).
8. List any two leaf arrangements on the stem.
   Alternate (one per node), opposite (two per node), whorled (3+ per node).
9. Name floral whorls and their functions in brief.
   Calyx protects bud; corolla attracts pollinators; androecium produces pollen; gynoecium houses ovules and forms fruit.
10. What is pollination and why is it important?
    Transfer of pollen to stigma; enables fertilization which forms seeds and fruits.
11. Describe parts of a stamen.
    Anther (produces pollen) held on a filament (stalk).
12. Describe parts of a carpel (pistil).
    Stigma receives pollen; style is the tube; ovary holds ovules that become seeds.
13. How would you identify monocot vs dicot using a leaf?
    Monocot: parallel venation (banana/maize). Dicot: reticulate venation (peepal/mango).
14. Give one difference between monocot and dicot seeds.
    Monocot: one cotyledon, does not split equally. Dicot: two cotyledons, splits into two halves.
15. What are sepals and petals collectively called?
    Calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals).
16. How do leaves help the plant besides photosynthesis?
    They perform transpiration and gaseous exchange through stomata; help in temperature regulation.
17. Give two examples each: one-seeded and many-seeded fruits.
    One-seeded: mango, date. Many-seeded: tomato, guava, papaya.
18. What is the function of the receptacle?
    It is the swollen base that bears all floral whorls and supports them.
19. Why do some seeds swell on soaking?
    They absorb water (imbibition), activating the embryo for germination.
20. Name any two root modifications and their uses.
    Prop/stilt roots: support; storage roots (carrot, radish): store food; pneumatophores: breathing in mangroves.

6) Textbook Exercise – Perfect Answers

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Questions are in Red   |   Answers are in Green