2. The Imaginary Lines: Latitude and Longitude​

🌐 Chapter 2: The Imaginary Lines — Latitude & Longitude

📚 20 Most Important Words & Meanings (Simple Hindi)

Wordसरल हिन्दी अर्थ Wordसरल हिन्दी अर्थ
Latitudeपूर्व-पश्चिम दिशा में खींची काल्पनिक रेखाएँLongitudeउत्तर-दक्षिण दिशा में खींची काल्पनिक रेखाएँ
Equator0° अक्षांश; पृथ्वी को उत्तर-दक्षिण भागों में बाँटतीPrime Meridian0° देशांतर; ग्रीनविच से गुजरती
Hemisphereगोल पृथ्वी का आधा हिस्सा (गोलार्ध)International Date Lineतिथि बदलने की रेखा (लगभग 180°)
Tropic of Cancer23½° उत्तर अक्षांश (कर्क रेखा)Tropic of Capricorn23½° दक्षिण अक्षांश (मकर रेखा)
Arctic Circle66½° उत्तर अक्षांशAntarctic Circle66½° दक्षिण अक्षांश
Greenwichलंदन का स्थान जहाँ से प्राइम मेरिडियन गुजरतीGridअक्षांश-देशांतर का जाल/नेटवर्क
Polesउत्तरी व दक्षिणी ध्रुव, पृथ्वी के छोरGreat Circleसबसे बड़ा वृत्त; जैसे भूमध्य रेखा
Meridianदेशांतर रेखा; दोपहर से जुड़ा शब्दAtlasनक्शों की पुस्तक
Coordinatesकिसी स्थान के अक्षांश-देशांतर के अंकTime Zoneसमय मापने के लिए बने क्षेत्र

📝 Chapter Summary (English) — ~250 words

Maps and globes use imaginary lines to locate places exactly. Lines that run east–west are called latitudes. The most important latitude is the Equator (0°). It divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Other key latitudes are the Tropic of Cancer (23½° N), Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S), Arctic Circle (66½° N), and Antarctic Circle (66½° S). Latitudes help us study climate zones and the amount of heat a place receives from the Sun.

Lines that run north–south are called longitudes or meridians. The central one is the Prime Meridian (0°) passing through Greenwich, near London. Together with the 180° meridian, it divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The International Date Line (IDL), close to 180°, is used to change dates when we travel across the Pacific. Longitudes are very useful to calculate time and to set time zones for different countries.

When latitudes and longitudes cross each other they form a grid. The grid allows us to write a place’s coordinates. For example, New Delhi lies near 28° N, 77° E. Without these lines, locating cities, planning journeys, and reading maps would be difficult. This chapter explains what these lines are, where the important ones lie, and why they matter for climate, time, and navigation.

📝 पाठ का सारांश (हिन्दी) — ~250 शब्द

नक्शों और ग्लोब पर स्थानों को ठीक-ठीक ढूँढने के लिए काल्पनिक रेखाएँ बनाई जाती हैं। जो रेखाएँ पूर्व से पश्चिम की ओर खींची होती हैं उन्हें अक्षांश कहते हैं। इनमें सबसे मुख्य है भूमध्य रेखा (0°), जो पृथ्वी को उत्तरी और दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में बाँटती है। अन्य प्रमुख अक्षांश—कर्क रेखा (23½° उ.), मकर रेखा (23½° द.), आर्कटिक वृत्त (66½° उ.) तथा अंटार्कटिक वृत्त (66½° द.) हैं। अक्षांशों से जलवायु और तापमान क्षेत्रों की जानकारी मिलती है।

जो रेखाएँ उत्तर से दक्षिण जाती हैं उन्हें देशांतर या मेरिडियन कहते हैं। इनमें प्राइम मेरिडियन (0°) सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है, जो ग्रीनविच से गुजरती है और 180° मेरिडियन के साथ मिलकर पृथ्वी को पूर्वी और पश्चिमी गोलार्ध में बाँटती है। अंतर्राष्ट्रीय तिथि रेखा (IDL) 180° के पास होती है, जिसके पार करने पर तिथि में एक दिन का परिवर्तन हो जाता है। समय की गणना और समय-क्षेत्र तय करने में देशांतर बहुत उपयोगी हैं।

अक्षांश और देशांतर मिलकर ग्रिड बनाते हैं। इससे किसी भी स्थान के निर्देशांक (coordinates) लिखे जा सकते हैं, जैसे—नई दिल्ली लगभग 28° उ., 77° पू. पर है। इन रेखाओं के बिना नक्शे पढ़ना, यात्रा की योजना बनाना और भूगोल समझना कठिन हो जाता। यही इस अध्याय का उद्देश्य है—इन रेखाओं का स्थान, महत्व और प्रयोग समझाना।

✅ 10 Most Important One-Word Answers

0° latitude: Equator
0° longitude: Prime Meridian
Date-change line: 180° (IDL)
Lines meeting at poles: Longitudes
23½° N: Tropic of Cancer
23½° S: Tropic of Capricorn
66½° N: Arctic Circle
66½° S: Antarctic Circle
Model of the Earth: Globe
Network of lines: Grid

✍️ 10 Very Short Answer Questions (2–3 lines each)

Q1. Define latitude.
Imaginary lines running east–west, parallel to the Equator; they help study climate and locate places north/south of the Equator.
Q2. Define longitude.
Imaginary lines running north–south from pole to pole; they help measure time and locate places east/west of the Prime Meridian.
Q3. What do the Equator and Prime Meridian divide?
Equator divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres; Prime Meridian divides it into Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
Q4. Why is the Equator called a Great Circle?
Because it is the largest possible circle drawn on a sphere and divides the Earth into two equal halves.
Q5. What is the International Date Line?
An imaginary line near 180° longitude where the calendar date changes by one day when crossed.
Q6. Name the important latitudes.
Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.
Q7. How do longitudes help in time calculation?
By comparing a place’s longitude with the Prime Meridian, we determine its time zone and local time.
Q8. What is meant by “grid” on maps?
The criss-cross network formed by latitudes and longitudes that helps in giving coordinates of any place.
Q9. Name the city through which the Prime Meridian passes.
Greenwich, near London.
Q10. Which lines run parallel to each other—latitudes or longitudes?
Latitudes run parallel; longitudes meet at the poles.

📖 Textbook Exercises (from your photo) — Perfect Answers

A) Choose the correct answer ✅

  1. Which of these do we find towards the end of an atlas? — (a) Index
  2. Which of these along with the 180° meridian divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres? — (b) Prime Meridian
  3. This meridian is called the International Date Line. — (a) 180°
  4. Which of these meet at the poles? — (a) Longitudes
  5. Which of these, help to calculate time? — (c) Both of these (latitudes & longitudes)

B) Match the columns 🔗

Column ACorrect Match (Column B)
1. Globe(b) Model of the earth
2. Latitudes(d) Imaginary lines running from east to west
3. Equator(a) Divides the earth into northern and southern hemispheres
4. Grids(e) A network of lines formed by latitudes and longitudes
5. Meridian(c) Means midday

C) Fill in the blanks ✍️

  1. The two end points of the axis of the earth are called the Poles.
  2. The Tropic of Cancer is at 23½° N.
  3. The Equator is also called the Great Circle.
  4. Longitudes are imaginary lines running from north to south on the globe.
  5. The prime meridian passes through Greenwich near London.

D) Unscramble the letters 🔤

  1. EMHISPHERE → Hemisphere
  2. AITLITUDE → Latitude
  3. QTEOURA → Equator
  4. ERMDIIAN → Meridian
  5. RIPME → Prime

E) Answer the following questions 🗣️

  1. What are latitudes? Name four important latitudes.
    Latitudes are imaginary east–west lines parallel to the Equator. Important ones: Equator, Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.
  2. Differentiate between latitudes and longitudes.
    Latitudes run east–west and show climate belts; longitudes run north–south and are used for time and locating east/west positions.
  3. What is the prime meridian?
    It is the 0° longitude passing through Greenwich; it divides the Earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres and is the reference for time.
  4. State the importance of the International Date Line.
    The IDL near 180° helps to adjust the calendar date by one day when we cross it, keeping world time and dates uniform.
  5. What is a grid?
    A grid is the criss-cross network formed by latitudes and longitudes on maps and globes; it helps us write exact coordinates of any place.
🧭
Quick Memory Hack: “EEL—Equator East-West, Longitudes meet at Ends (poles).”

Made with ❤️ for Class 5 TREK learners.

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