📜 Chapter 12 – Our History (Class 4 TREK SST)
1) 🧠 20 Important Words – आसान हिंदी अर्थ
| Word | Meaning (Simple Hindi) | Word | Meaning (Simple Hindi) |
|---|---|---|---|
| History | इतिहास – पुरानी घटनाएँ | Indus Valley | सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता |
| Seals | मुहरें – मिट्टी/पत्थर पर निशान | Pottery | मिट्टी के बर्तन |
| Mohenjodaro | प्राचीन शहर | Harappa | दूसरा प्रसिद्ध शहर |
| Magadha | प्राचीन शक्तिशाली राज्य | Ashoka | सम्राट जिसने बौद्ध धर्म अपनाया |
| Maurya | भारत का महान साम्राज्य | Kautilya | चाणक्य – महान गुरु |
| Alexander | यूनानी आक्रमणकारी | Porus | भारतीय राजा जिसने लड़ाई की |
| Akbar | महान मुगल शासक | Aurangzeb | आखिरी बड़ा मुगल शासक |
| British | अंग्रेज़ शासक | 1857 Revolt | भारत का पहला स्वतंत्रता संग्राम |
| Independence | स्वतंत्रता – 1947 | Gandhiji | महात्मा गांधी, अहिंसा के नेता |
| Protest | विरोध | Satyagraha | गांधीजी की शांति वाली लड़ाई |
2) 📝 Summary in English (250 words)
History tells us the story of our past – about people, kingdoms, rulers and how India changed over time. The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest in the world. Its people built well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro. We learn about them from seals, pottery, jewellery and buildings such as the Great Bath.
After the decline of this civilization, the Indo-Aryans came from Central Asia and grew crops and domesticated animals. Later, great kingdoms like Magadha rose to power. Chandragupta Maurya, with the help of Kautilya, established the Maurya Empire. His grandson Ashoka spread Buddhism in India and Asia after the Kalinga war.
Many rulers attacked India including Mahmud of Ghazni and others. Later, Babar founded the Mughal dynasty. Among the Mughals, Akbar is remembered as the greatest ruler for his policies of tolerance. The last important Mughal ruler was Aurangzeb.
After the decline of the Mughals, the British became powerful in India. The Revolt of 1857 was the first big fight for independence. Many leaders like Rani Lakshmibai, Mangal Pandey and others fought bravely. Finally, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, India fought with the weapon of non-violence and satyagraha. India became an independent country in 1947.
3) 📝 अध्याय का सार हिंदी (250 शब्द)
इतिहास हमें हमारे अतीत की कहानी बताता है – सभ्यताओं, राजाओं और भारत में हुए बदलावों की। सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता विश्व की सबसे पुरानी सभ्यताओं में से एक थी। इसके लोग अच्छे शहर बसाते थे जैसे हड़प्पा और मोहनजोदाड़ो। इनके बारे में हमें मुहरों, मिट्टी के बर्तनों और आभूषणों से जानकारी मिलती है।
इस सभ्यता के बाद आर्य लोग मध्य एशिया से आए और खेती तथा पशुपालन करने लगे। बाद में मगध राज्य शक्तिशाली बना। चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य और कौटिल्य ने मौर्य साम्राज्य स्थापित किया। उनके पौत्र अशोक ने कलिंग युद्ध के बाद बौद्ध धर्म अपनाया और उसे पूरे एशिया में फैलाया।
समय-समय पर आक्रमणकारी जैसे मह्मूद गजनवी ने भारत पर आक्रमण किया। बाद में बाबर ने मुगल वंश की नींव रखी। मुगलों में अकबर सबसे महान शासक माना जाता है। औरंगजेब आखिरी बड़ा मुगल शासक था।
मुगलों के पतन के बाद अंग्रेज़ भारत में शक्तिशाली बने। 1857 का विद्रोह पहला स्वतंत्रता संग्राम था। रानी लक्ष्मीबाई, मंगल पांडे जैसे वीरों ने लड़ाई की। अंत में महात्मा गांधी ने अहिंसा और सत्याग्रह से आज़ादी का आंदोलन चलाया। भारत 1947 में स्वतंत्र हुआ।
4) 🔹 10 One-word Questions
- Earliest Indian civilization – Indus Valley
- Important cities of Indus Valley – Harappa, Mohenjodaro
- Great Mauryan ruler – Ashoka
- Founder of Maurya dynasty – Chandragupta Maurya
- Founder of Mughal dynasty – Babar
- Greatest Mughal ruler – Akbar
- Last important Mughal ruler – Aurangzeb
- First war of independence – 1857
- Father of the Nation – Mahatma Gandhi
- Method of Gandhi’s protest – Satyagraha
5) ✨ Very Short Q&A (2–3 lines)
1) What was the Indus Valley civilization?
It was one of the earliest civilizations known for planned cities, drainage and seals.
2) Who came to India in 326 BCE?
Alexander from Greece came to conquer parts of India.
3) Who founded Maurya dynasty?
Chandragupta Maurya with the guidance of Kautilya.
4) Which religion did Ashoka spread?
Ashoka spread Buddhism in India and Asia after the Kalinga war.
5) Who founded Mughal rule in India?
Babar established the Mughal dynasty.
6) Name one great Mughal ruler.
Akbar was the greatest Mughal ruler.
7) Who defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah?
British defeated him in the Battle of Plassey (1757).
8) When did India become independent?
On 15th August 1947.
9) What was Gandhi’s protest method?
Satyagraha and Non-violence.
10) What happened in 1857?
The first war of independence against British rule.
6) 📘 Textbook Exercise – Perfect Answers
A) Choose the correct answer
| Q | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1 | All of these |
| 2 | Magadha |
| 3 | Akbar |
| 4 | Aurangzeb |
| 5 | The British |
B) Match the columns
| Indus Valley civilization | The Great Bath |
| Alexander | Porus |
| Chandragupta Maurya | Kautilya |
| Babur | The Mughal dynasty |
| The Great Revolt | 1857 |
C) Fill in the blanks
- …built well-planned cities.
- …grew crops and domesticated animals.
- Ashoka embraced Buddhism.
- Mahmud of Ghazni and Mohammad Ghori attacked.
- India became independent on 15th August 1947.
D) True / False
- True
- True
- True
- False – It was Shah Jahan.
- True
E) Answer the following
1) Where was Indus Valley civilization located?
Along the Indus River (now Pakistan). Cities – Harappa, Mohenjodaro.
2) Who came to India in 326 BCE?
Alexander from Greece to conquer India.
3) Who founded Mughal rule?
Babur in 1526 after Battle of Panipat.
4) Who defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah?
The British in Battle of Plassey, 1757.
5) What was Gandhiji’s protest method?
Non-violence and Satyagraha.
✅ Beautiful, colourful notes ready for your exam! 🌟