• Tissue: Same origin/structure/function cells together. Simple (one cell type) vs Complex (many cell types).
• Animal Tissues: Epithelial (covering/secretion/absorption), Connective (support/join/transport), Muscular (movement), Nervous (impulses).
• Epithelial types: Squamous (lining, exchange), Stratified (protection—skin), Columnar (absorption/secretion—intestine), Ciliated (respiratory passage), Cuboidal (kidney tubules), Glandular (secretion of sweat/oil/mucus).
• Connective: Blood (transport), Lymph (immunity), Areolar (packing), Adipose (fat/insulation), Cartilage (support), Bone (rigid support), Tendon (muscle→bone), Ligament (bone↔bone).
• Muscles: Striated (skeletal, voluntary), Non-striated (smooth, involuntary), Cardiac (heart, involuntary, rhythmic).
• Nervous tissue: Neuron = dendrites + cell body + axon; conducts impulses; present in brain, spinal cord, nerves.
• Plant tissues: Meristematic (apical/intercalary/lateral) for growth; Permanent (simple: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma; complex: xylem, phloem).
• Tissue Culture: Ex-vivo growth of cells/tissues on sterile nutrient medium (agar gels, etc.) → mass plantlets, virus-free stock, rare plant conservation.
• Genetic Engineering: Artificial gene/DNA changes → GM crops with pest resistance, stress tolerance, improved nutrition/yield (e.g., Bt cotton, Golden rice).
• Bioreactors: Large vessels to grow cells safely & nutritively; scale-up plantlets/bioproducts.
• Applications: Floriculture, nurseries, forestry, large-scale seedlings, orchids/pitcher plants, embryo rescue, meristem culture (virus-free).
• Agri-business & Agritourism: Combine nurseries, orchards, organic produce, butterfly/medicinal gardens; sell seedlings/produce to visitors.
• Agro-complementary: Animal husbandry (local/exotic cows; hygiene, vaccination, balanced feed), Poultry (layers/broilers), Sericulture (Bombyx mori lifecycle; cocoon → silk).

1) Define tissue.

Group of similar-origin cells performing a specific function.

2) Name four main animal tissues.

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous.

3) Which epithelium lines mouth & oesophagus?

Squamous (non-keratinized stratified).

4) Which epithelium is ciliated?

Respiratory tract lining (ciliated epithelium).

5) Tendon connects?

Muscle to bone.

6) Ligament connects?

Bone to bone.

7) Name the living, flexible plant tissue.

Collenchyma.

8) Which plant tissue conducts water upwards?

Xylem.

9) Which plant tissue translocates food both ways?

Phloem.

10) Which meristem increases length?

Apical meristem.

11) Which meristem increases girth?

Lateral meristem (cambium).

12) What is tissue culture?

Ex-vivo growth of cells/tissues on sterile nutrient medium.

13) Two pillars of biotechnology (this chapter)?

Genetic engineering & Tissue culture.

14) Full form of GM.

Genetically Modified.

15) Example of GM crop in India.

Bt cotton (pest resistant).

16) What is a bioreactor?

Controlled vessel for large-scale cell/tissue growth.

17) Sericulture produces?

Silk (from Bombyx mori cocoons).

18) Layers vs Broilers?

Layers for eggs; broilers for meat.

19) Animal husbandry goal?

Milk, draught power; requires hygiene, vaccination, feed.

20) Agritourism meaning?

Farm-based tourism with gardens, orchards, nurseries, local produce.

1) Why are epithelial cells tightly packed?

To form protective, continuous barriers controlling exchange/secretion.

2) Function of glandular epithelium?

Secretes sweat, oil (sebum), mucus, etc.

3) Name fluid connective tissues.

Blood and Lymph.

4) Role of adipose tissue.

Fat storage, insulation, energy reserve.

5) Why bones are rigid?

Matrix has calcium phosphate salts + collagen.

6) Why cardiac muscle is unique?

Branched, striated, involuntary, rhythmic contractions.

7) Neuron parts.

Dendrites, cell body, axon.

8) Plant growth zones?

Apical/intercalary/lateral meristems.

9) Aerenchyma helps in?

Buoyancy (floating) in aquatic plants.

10) Chlorenchyma function?

Photosynthesis (has chloroplasts).

11) Direction of xylem transport?

Mainly upward (root → shoot).

12) Direction of phloem transport?

Both up and down (source → sink).

13) Why tissue culture plants are virus-free (often)?

Meristem culture excludes viruses commonly absent in meristem.

14) State one GM benefit.

Pest resistance reduces pesticide use.

15) Name two nursery applications of biotech.

Mass multiplication of orchids; rapid virus-free banana plantlets.

16) One agritourism component.

Butterfly or medicinal plant garden.

17) Poultry hybrids objective?

Heat tolerance, better yield, use of agri by-products as feed.

18) Why boil cocoons in sericulture?

Kill pupa & loosen silk to reel continuous thread.

19) Why cattle vaccination important?

Prevents disease, ensures milk yield & animal health.

20) What is the cuticle?

Waxy layer on epidermis reducing water loss.

1) Differentiate simple vs complex tissues in plants.

Simple: one cell type (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma). Complex: multiple cell types working together (xylem, phloem).

2) Write any three connective tissues with functions.

Areolar (packing/support), Adipose (insulation/energy), Cartilage (flexible support at nose/ear/larynx).

3) Explain structure & function of squamous epithelium.

Thin, flat cells form semipermeable lining in alveoli, mouth, vessels—allow rapid exchange/protection.

4) How do tendons and ligaments differ?

Tendon: strong, less elastic; muscle→bone. Ligament: strong, highly elastic; bone↔bone.

5) Describe neuron pathway in a reflex.

Stimulus → sensory neuron → spinal cord (integration) → motor neuron → effector muscle → response.

6) Why are meristematic cells dense & vacuole-poor?

Actively dividing; thick cytoplasm/nucleus, minimal storage → rapid growth.

7) Role of lateral meristem.

Secondary growth—increase in girth by vascular cambium and cork cambium.

8) Define tissue culture and list two prerequisites.

Ex-vivo growth of cells/tissue; needs asepsis & nutrient medium (often agar-based).

9) State four advantages of tissue culture for nurseries.

Mass multiplication, uniform quality, virus-free stock, year-round production.

10) What is a bioreactor? One plant use.

Controlled vessel for cell growth; used to scale plantlets/cellular products safely.

11) List two GM crop advantages beyond pest resistance.

Stress tolerance (drought/heat), improved nutrition (e.g., Golden rice).

12) Give two floriculture applications of biotech.

Tissue culture orchids/roses; color variants & fast multiplication.

13) Outline sericulture steps briefly.

Incubate eggs → feed larvae on mulberry → cocoon spinning → boiling cocoons → reeling silk.

14) Two hygiene practices for high milk yield.

Clean, ventilated shed; regular vaccination & balanced diet with water.

15) How does ciliated epithelium protect airways?

Cilia sweep mucus/particles forward to keep passage clear.

16) Why are sclerenchyma cells dead yet useful?

Lignified thick walls give great strength & rigidity (seed coat, veins).

17) Explain “meristem culture yields virus-free plants”.

Viruses seldom invade the tiny actively dividing meristem; culturing it avoids latent infections.

18) Suggest two units for agritourism centre.

Butterfly garden & medicinal plant trail; add nursery sales counter.

19) Name two poultry groups with one example each.

Layers: Leghorn. Broilers: Aseel/Brahma.

20) Why GM seeds may reduce chemical use?

Built-in resistance to pests/weeds lowers pesticide/herbicide applications.

1) Correct the wrong statements (change one/two words).

a) Simple squamous epithelium is present on inner surface of mouth/oesophagus & alveoli (respiratory tract lining is mainly ciliated).
b) Glandular epithelium is present in skin’s glands & mucosa, while kidney tubules have cuboidal epithelium.
c) Aerenchyma helps the plant to float; chlorenchyma performs photosynthesis.
d) Striated muscles are voluntary (not involuntary).
e) Chloroplast is present in chlorenchyma (a permanent tissue type), not in all permanent tissues.

2) Identify the odd word and justify.

a) Xylem, phloem, permanent tissue, meristematic tissue → Meristematic tissue is odd; others are permanent/complex categories.
b) Epithelium, Muscle fibre, Nerve fibre, Epidermis → Epidermis is plant tissue; others are animal tissues.
c) Cartilage, bone, tendon, cardiac muscle → Cardiac muscle is muscular tissue; others are connective tissues.

3) Write the tissue names.

a) Inner surface of mouth → Squamous epithelium (non-keratinized stratified).
b) Joins muscles and bones → Tendon.
c) Increases height of plants → Apical meristem.
d) Increases girth of stem → Lateral meristem (cambium).

4) Differences: Simple vs Complex tissues in plants.

Simple: One cell type; functions—storage/support (parenchyma/collenchyma/sclerenchyma).
Complex: Many cell types together; conduction—xylem (water/minerals upward) & phloem (food both directions).

5) Short notes.

a) Meristematic tissue: Actively dividing cells at apical/intercalary/lateral regions; cause primary & secondary growth.
b) Xylem: Tracheids, vessels, fibres (dead) + xylem parenchyma (living); conduct water/minerals upward; give support.
c) Striated muscles: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate, striated; attached to bones; voluntary movements like walking/speaking.
d) Agro-complementary business: Animal husbandry, poultry, sericulture, nursery—add income & raw materials for farms.
e) Genetic engineering: Artificial DNA/gene alteration to add traits—pest resistance, stress tolerance, nutrition; base of GM crops.
f) Sericulture: Rearing Bombyx mori; eggs → larvae (mulberry) → cocoons → boiled → silk reeling → weaving.

6) Meaning of biotechnology & impact on agricultural management.

Biotechnology: Using biological systems/cells via techniques like genetic engineering & tissue culture for human benefit.
Impact: GM crops (Bt cotton, Golden rice) reduce losses, tolerate stresses, enhance nutrition; tissue culture supplies virus-free, uniform, mass seedlings; bioreactors & nurseries scale production → higher yield, lower chemical inputs, reliable supply.

7) Two main techniques in biotechnology & why?

Genetic engineering (introduces specific traits precisely) and Tissue culture (rapid, uniform multiplication, virus-free stock). Together they create & then scale the improved varieties.

8) Discuss Agritourism (project idea).

Start a centre with fruit orchard (mango/guava), shade/flower beds, butterfly & medicinal gardens, organic plots, farm stay. Sell plantlets/produce; run workshops (grafting, kitchen-gardening). Partner with local transport & schools for visits.

9) Define tissue & explain tissue culture.

Tissue: Group of similar cells doing a specific function.
Tissue culture: Aseptic ex-vivo growth of cells/tissue on nutrient medium (often agar) to regenerate complete plants rapidly.

10) “Rearing of sheep is a livestock.” Justify.

Sheep provide wool, meat, manure; managed systematically (feed, housing, health) as part of livestock sector supporting rural economy—hence rearing sheep qualifies as livestock farming.

• Meristems: \( \text{Apical} \Rightarrow \text{length},\; \text{Intercalary} \Rightarrow \text{nodes/leaf base},\; \text{Lateral} \Rightarrow \text{girth} \).
• Complex tissues: \( \text{Xylem} \uparrow,\; \text{Phloem} \uparrow\downarrow \).
• GM crops help reduce losses \( \Rightarrow \) improved yield & quality.