Word	Meaning in Simple Hindi
Climate	किसी जगह का लम्बे समय का मौसम
Weather	दिन-प्रतिदिन का मौसम
Equator	धरती की मध्य रेखा (0° अक्षांश)
Latitude	पूर्व-पश्चिम दिशा की काल्पनिक रेखाएँ
Longitude	उत्तर-दक्षिण दिशा की काल्पनिक रेखाएँ
Torrid Zone	कर्क व मकर रेखा के बीच का बहुत गर्म क्षेत्र
Temperate Zone	मध्यम जलवायु वाला क्षेत्र (न बहुत गरम, न बहुत ठंडा)
Frigid Zone	ध्रुवों के पास का बहुत ठंडा क्षेत्र
Tropic of Cancer	23½° उत्तर अक्षांश (कर्क रेखा)
Tropic of Capricorn	23½° दक्षिण अक्षांश (मकर रेखा)
Arctic Circle	66½° उत्तर अक्षांश
Antarctic Circle	66½° दक्षिण अक्षांश
Altitude	समुद्र सतह से ऊँचाई
Humidity	हवा में नमी
Direct Rays	सीधी पड़ने वाली धूप (ज़्यादा गर्मी)
Slanting Rays	तिरछी धूप (कम गर्मी)
Coastal Area	समुद्र किनारे का क्षेत्र
Inland	समुद्र से दूर का भाग
Moderate	संतुलित/हल्का-सा—अत्यधिक नहीं
Moist Winds	समुद्र से आने वाली नमी वाली हवा

💡 याद रखें: सीधी धूप = अधिक गर्मी • तिरछी धूप = कम गर्मी

The amount of heat a place receives from the Sun decides its climate. Because the Earth is a sphere and is tilted, the Sun’s rays do not fall everywhere in the same way. Places close to the Equator get direct rays and become hot, while places near the poles get slanting rays and remain very cold. Based on this idea, geographers divide the world into three temperature or heat zones.

1) Torrid Zone (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn): It receives direct sunlight most of the year. So it is the hottest zone. Tropical rainforests, deserts, and many monsoon regions lie here.

2) Temperate Zone (between the Torrid and Frigid zones in both hemispheres): Here the Sun’s rays are slanting. The climate is moderate—neither very hot nor very cold. These regions have four clear seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

3) Frigid Zone (around the Arctic and Antarctic Circles towards the poles): Sunlight is very weak and winters are long. Snow and ice make life difficult.

Besides latitude, some other factors affect climate: Altitude (higher places are cooler), distance from the sea (coastal areas are humid and moderate), and winds from the sea (carry moisture and bring rain). Coastal cities usually have humid weather, while inland deserts are dry and hot.

Understanding these zones helps us know where people live, what crops grow, what clothes we wear, and why climates differ from place to place around the world.

किसी स्थान की जलवायु मुख्यतः सूर्य से मिलने वाली ऊष्मा पर निर्भर करती है। पृथ्वी गोल और थोड़ी झुकी हुई होने के कारण हर जगह धूप एक-सी नहीं पड़ती। भूमध्य रेखा के पास धूप सीधी पड़ती है, इसलिए वहाँ गर्मी ज़्यादा रहती है; जबकि ध्रुवों के पास धूप तिरछी और कमज़ोर होती है, इसलिए बहुत ठंड रहती है। इसी आधार पर पृथ्वी को तीन तापमान क्षेत्रों में बाँटा गया है।

1) उष्णकटिबंधीय क्षेत्र (Torrid Zone): कर्क और मकर रेखा के बीच का भाग। यहाँ अधिकतर समय सीधी धूप मिलती है, इसलिए यह सबसे गर्म क्षेत्र है। घने वन, रेगिस्तान और मानसूनी भाग यहीं पाए जाते हैं।

2) समशीतोष्ण क्षेत्र (Temperate Zone): उष्ण व शीत क्षेत्रों के बीच। यहाँ धूप तिरछी पड़ती है, इसलिए मौसम मध्यम रहता है और चार ऋतुएँ स्पष्ट दिखती हैं—वसंत, ग्रीष्म, शरद और शीत।

3) शीत क्षेत्र (Frigid Zone): आर्कटिक और अंटार्कटिक वृत्तों के पास। यहाँ सूर्य की किरणें बहुत कमज़ोर होती हैं, बर्फ व हिम अधिक मिलते हैं और जीवन कठिन होता है।

जलवायु पर अन्य कारकों का भी प्रभाव पड़ता है—ऊँचाई (Altitude): जितनी ऊँचाई, उतनी ठंड; समुद्र से दूरी: समुद्री किनारों पर मौसम नम और संतुलित रहता है; समुद्री हवाएँ: ये नमी लाती हैं और वर्षा कराती हैं। इस प्रकार तापमान क्षेत्र हमें बताते हैं कि दुनिया के अलग-अलग भागों में जलवायु क्यों भिन्न होती है और वहाँ के लोग किस प्रकार का भोजन, वस्त्र और खेती चुनते हैं।

1) What is a temperature/heat zone?

A large belt of the Earth having similar heat conditions due to the angle of Sun’s rays; there are three: torrid, temperate, frigid.

2) Why is the torrid zone hot?

It lies between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and receives direct vertical rays of the Sun most of the year.

3) Describe the climate of coastal areas.

Coastal areas are generally humid and moderate because the sea cools summers and warms winters; sea winds carry moisture.

4) What is humidity?

The amount of moisture (water vapour) in the air; higher humidity makes the weather feel sticky.

5) How does altitude affect climate?

Temperature decreases with height; therefore hill stations at high altitude are cooler than nearby lowlands.

6) What are direct rays?

Sunlight falling straight on a place; it gives more heat and causes higher temperatures.

7) What are slanting rays?

Rays that strike the surface at an angle; they spread over a larger area and provide less heat.

8) Which zone shows four distinct seasons?

The Temperate Zone shows spring, summer, autumn and winter clearly.

9) Why is life hard in the frigid zone?

Because of extreme cold, long winters, ice and weak sunlight which limit farming and transport.

10) Name three factors that affect climate.

Distance from the equator (latitude), altitude, and distance from the sea/winds.

A) Choose the correct answer

1. Which of these affect the climate of a place? — (d) All of these
2. Which of these are true about winds blowing from the sea? — (a) They carry moisture
3. What kind of climate do coastal areas have? — (b) Humid
4. How many temperature or heat zones are there? — (a) Three
5. Which zone extends from the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn? — (a) The torrid zone

B) Match the columns

Column A	→	Column B (Correct match)
1. Places at high altitude	→	(b) Are cooler
2. Places near the sea	→	(a) Have high humidity
3. Wind blowing from the sea	→	(e) Carry moisture
4. Torrid zone	→	(c) Hot zone
5. Frigid zone	→	(d) Cold zone

C) Fill in the blanks

1. Places near the equator receive direct rays of the sun.
2. Altitude refers to a place’s height above sea level.
3. Places located at higher altitudes are cooler than the places located at lower altitudes.
4. Places in the sea (coastal) are neither very hot nor very cold.
5. As we go towards the poles the rays of the sun become weaker.

D) Unscramble the letters to form the correct words

1. QUEAOTR → Equator
2. UMIHDYTI → Humidity
3. ORITDR NEOZ → Torrid Zone
4. EMTERPATE NEOZ → Temperate Zone
5. FIIGDR NEOZ → Frigid Zone

E) Answer the following questions (Very Short)

1. What are the factors which affect the climate of a place?
   Distance from the equator (latitude), altitude, distance from the sea and winds/humidity.
2. On what basis has the earth been divided into temperature zones?
   On the basis of the amount and angle of the Sun’s rays received at different latitudes.
3. Describe the torrid zone.
   The belt between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. It gets direct sunlight; hence the hottest zone.
4. What is the extent of the temperate zone?
   Between the torrid and frigid zones in each hemisphere—i.e., from Tropics to Arctic/Antarctic Circles; climate is moderate.
5. Why is life difficult in the frigid zone?
   Because temperatures are extremely low, sunlight is weak, land is snow/ice-covered and resources are limited.