Chapter 8: Industry & Trade Class 9 • Maharashtra Board
🏭 Core industries • 🚜 Agriculture • 🧵 Textiles • 🚗 Automobiles • 🌊 Fisheries • ✈️ Tourism • 🌐 Trade
📚 Overview
Post-independence India built an industrial base, supported small & village industries, modernised agriculture, and expanded domestic & foreign trade. These notes cover key institutions, major industries, policies, resources, and trade patterns.
ℹ️ Early finance & development: Industrial Finance Corporation of India (1948) for long-term industrial loans; Industrial Development Corporation (1954) to accelerate industrial growth.
🧭 Institutions & Policy Milestones
| Year | Measure / Body | Purpose / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1948 | Industrial Finance Corporation of India | Long-term finance for industrial projects. |
| 1954 | Industrial Development Corporation | Broaden industrial development. |
| 1963 | Textile Committee Act | Set quality standards for domestic & export textiles. |
| 4th Plan | Sector focus | Paper, pharma, tractors, leather, textiles, food processing, oil, colour, sugar, etc. |
| 1970 | Industrial Licensing Policy | ≥ ₹5 crore investment classified as heavy industry; big houses & foreign firms allowed in non-reserved heavy industries. |
| 1972 | Small industry registration | ~3.18 lakh units registered by year end. |
🏭 Major Industries (Highlights)
Textiles 🧵
- ~14% of total industrial production.
- Powerloom + Handloom (labour-intensive).
- Textile Committee (1963) ensures quality for domestic & export markets.
Silk 🐛
- Under the Ministry of Textiles.
- Research at Seribiotic Research Laboratory, Bengaluru.
- Centres: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, J&K; expansion to tribal regions.
Jute 🌿
- India ranks at the top in jute production.
- Exports: cloth, sacking, ropes.
Automobiles 🚗
- Major vehicle producer; exports to ~40 countries.
- Sunrise sector; tractors: India is the largest maker worldwide.
- Tractors exported to Turkey, Malaysia, and African nations.
Cement 🧱
- Critical for housing & infrastructure.
- Among the most technologically advanced industries; India is a major producer.
Leather 👞
- Large, export-oriented industry.
Salt 🧂
- India is among the top producers.
- Annual output ~200 lakh tons; iodised ~60 lakh tons.
Bicycles 🚲
- Leading global producer; hubs in Punjab & Tamil Nadu.
- Ludhiana is the main centre.
- Exports to Nigeria, Mexico, Kenya, Uganda, Brazil.
Khadi & Village Industries 🧶
- KVIC promotes rural industrialisation, traditional & cottage industries.
- Uses local materials & manpower; creates employment and self-reliance.
💡 Do you know? The “Mega Cluster” scheme supports weavers (via SHGs/NGOs) with raw material, design banks, technology up-gradation and welfare.
Hand Sculpting 🗿
A labour-intensive craft with low investment & export potential. Urban craft markets like Dilli Haat help rural/urban artisans access consumers directly.
🚜 Agriculture & Allied Activities
- Mixed methods: traditional (bullocks) + mechanisation (ploughing → sowing → harvesting → threshing).
- Women’s participation is equal to men.
- Main crops: jowar, wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds; cash crops: cotton, sugarcane.
- Horticulture (fruits & vegetables) and food processing industries growing fast.
Support & Services 🧰
- Loans via rural banks & cooperatives.
- Panchayat Samitis: study tours, camps, input supply (tools, seeds, fertilisers).
- Training: soil testing, nursery, pisciculture, poultry, dairy, goat rearing.
- Warehouse support for storage.
Modern Techniques 🌱
- Drip irrigation, organic farming improving productivity & sustainability.
- India is rapidly becoming food-grain self-reliant.
⛏️ Natural & Forest Resources
Mineral Wealth
- Key minerals: iron, manganese, coal, mineral oil.
- Backbone for industrial development.
Forest Resources
- Reserved areas for forest-based industries; conservation by Centre, States & local communities.
- Raw materials for construction, paper/newsprint, silk, match, medicinal herbs, honey, lac, paints.
🌊 Fisheries & 🧳 Tourism
Fisheries
- Marine and inland (rivers, canals, ponds, lakes).
- Infrastructure: harbours (new/redeveloped), fish seed incubation & training centres.
Tourism
- Rich heritage: pilgrimage sites, river confluences, forts, caves across India.
- Tourism Development Corporation supports stay/travel; boosts handicrafts & hospitality.
- Guides & local porters create employment in remote areas.
🌐 Trade: Foreign & Internal
Import–Export (Post-1951)
| Imports | Exports |
|---|---|
| Machines, iron, mineral oil, fertilisers, medicines | Tea, coffee, spices, cotton textiles, leather & footwear, pearls, precious stones |
Exports earn foreign exchange, supporting development.
Internal Trade
- Transport via rail, road, waterways, air.
- Key ports: Mumbai, Kolkata, Cochi, Chennai.
- Major commodities: coal, cotton, cotton textiles, rice, wheat, raw jute, iron & steel, oilseeds, salt, sugar.
📈 Impact: Industrial growth raises the standard of living, creates employment, and accelerates overall national progress.
🧠 Quick Revision (Exam-Ready)
- Finance & Dev: IFCI-1948; IDC-1954; Textile Committee Act-1963; Licensing Policy-1970 (≥ ₹5 cr heavy industry).
- Textiles: ~14% of industrial output; handloom is labour-intensive.
- Silk: Seribiotic Lab (Bengaluru); major states: KA, AP, WB, J&K.
- Autos: Sunrise sector; India = largest tractor maker; exports to 40+ countries.
- Cement/Leather/Salt: India a major cement producer; leather export-oriented; salt ~200 lakh tons (iodised ~60 lakh).
- Bicycles: Punjab & TN; Ludhiana hub; exports to Nigeria, Mexico, Kenya, Uganda, Brazil.
- KVIC: Rural industrialisation, local resources, jobs.
- Agriculture: Women’s equal role; loans, inputs, training; drip & organic farming.
- Resources: Minerals (iron, manganese, coal, oil); forests feed many industries.
- Fisheries/Tourism: Infra + training; tourism boosts services & crafts.
- Trade: Imports (machines/oil/fertilisers/medicines); Exports (tea/coffee/spices/textiles/leather/gems).
✅ Conclusion
India’s industrial & trade ecosystem blends large-scale industry, village enterprises, modern agriculture, rich resources, and diverse trade. Together, they power employment, incomes and inclusive development.
📝 Chapter 8: Industry & Trade – Exercises with Answers
1) (A) Choose the correct option / Complete the statements
- In 1948, Industrial Finance Corporation of India was formed for making available long term loans to industrial projects. (b)
- Automobile industry in India is called the ‘Sunrise Sector’. (b)
- The major responsibility of the Textiles Committee is determining the quality standards of cloth. (b)
- Ludhiana is the major Indian city in the production of bicycles. (b)
(B) Identify and write the wrong pair
| Pair | Given | Verdict | Correction / Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | Industrial Finance Corporation of India – makes long term loans available for industrial projects | ✅ Correct | Established in 1948. |
| (2) | Industrial Development Corporation – development of industrial sector | ✅ Correct | Set up in 1954. |
| (3) | Textiles Committee – welfare of weavers | ❌ Wrong | Its key role is quality standards for textiles (domestic & export). |
| (4) | Khadi & Village Industries Commission – promotion of industrialisation in rural areas | ✅ Correct | Encourages traditional, cottage & village industries. |
2) (A) Activity – Complete the table
| Goods imported in India | Goods exported from India |
|---|---|
| Machines, iron, mineral oil (crude/petroleum products), fertilisers, medicines | Tea, coffee, spices, cotton textiles, leather & footwear, pearls & precious stones |
(B) Write short notes on
1) India’s imports and exports
- Imports: industrial machinery, iron, mineral oil, fertilisers, medicines—supporting production and development.
- Exports: tea, coffee, spices, cotton textiles, leather/footwear, pearls & precious stones—earning foreign exchange.
2) The internal trade of India
- Moves via railways, roadways, waterways and airways.
- Major ports: Mumbai, Kolkata, Cochi, Chennai.
- Key commodities: coal, cotton & cotton textiles, rice, wheat, raw jute, iron & steel, oilseeds, salt, sugar.
3) Explain the following statements with reasons
(1) The tourism industry has developed a lot in India.
- India’s rich cultural heritage—pilgrimage sites, river confluences, forts, caves—attracts domestic & foreign tourists throughout the year.
- Tourism Development Corporation support for stay/travel facilities boosts the sector.
- Tourism stimulates handicrafts, hospitality, local guiding and transport, creating widespread employment.
(2) The quality of life and standard of living of Indian citizens is increasing.
- Industrial development (textiles, cement, automobiles, etc.) generates employment and income.
- Infrastructure & housing expand with core sectors like cement; trade and services also grow.
- Agricultural modernisation and allied activities raise productivity and stability of livelihoods.
4) Answer the following questions in detail
(1) What efforts are made by our government to promote agricultural industries?
- Credit support: Loans via rural banks and cooperative institutions; warehousing support for safe storage.
- Inputs & extension: Supply of tools, quality seeds, fertilisers; study visits, outdoor trips and farmer meets through Panchayat Samitis.
- Training: Soil testing, fruit plant nurseries, pisciculture, poultry, dairy, goat rearing via district-level training institutes.
- Value-addition & technology: Promotion of food processing units; adoption of drip irrigation, organic farming and improved practices to enhance productivity.
(2) How is employment generated in the tourism sector?
- Hospitality services: hotels, lodges, homestays, canteens and restaurants.
- Travel & transport: taxis, buses, tour operators, ticketing, guides and local porters in remote areas.
- Handicrafts & retail: sale of curios, local crafts and souvenirs around tourist centres.
- Support services: maintenance, site management, information centres, cultural shows and events.
(3) Which industries in India are based on forests?
- Construction timber and wood products
- Paper and newsprint
- Silk-related raw materials (supporting associated activities)
- Match industry
- Medicinal herbs & plant-based pharmaceuticals
- Honey, lac, and raw materials for paints
(4) Write a short note on leather industry in India.
- The leather industry is a large, primarily export-oriented sector.
- It spans raw hides/skins, tanning, and finished goods like footwear and leather products.
- Creates employment across collection, processing, manufacturing and export logistics.
- Contributes to foreign exchange earnings and supports ancillary trades and MSMEs.
🧠 Quick Recap (Exam-Ready)
- IFCI’s role: long-term industrial finance • Sunrise sector: Automobile • Textiles Committee: quality standards • Bicycle hub: Ludhiana.
- Imports: machinery, iron, mineral oil, fertilisers, medicines • Exports: tea, coffee, spices, textiles, leather/footwear, pearls/gems.
- Tourism thrives due to heritage, infrastructure & year-round demand; industry & agriculture lift living standards.