💧 Chapter 8 – Our Natural Resources: Water & Soils
1) 🧠 20 Important Words – आसान हिंदी अर्थ
| Word | Meaning (Simple Hindi) |
|---|---|
| Fresh water | मीठा पानी (पीने/खेती योग्य) |
| Irrigation | फसलों को पानी पहुँचाना |
| Canal | नहर – कृत्रिम जल-मार्ग |
| Dam | नदी पर बाँध, पानी संग्रह |
| Reservoir | बाँध के पीछे जमा झील |
| Hydroelectricity | पानी से बनी बिजली |
| Multipurpose project | सिंचाई+बिजली+बाढ़ नियंत्रण आदि |
| Soil | मिट्टी – पौधों की उगने की परत |
| Topsoil | ऊपरी उपजाऊ मिट्टी |
| Humus | सड़ी पत्तियों से बनी खाद |
| Word | Meaning (Simple Hindi) |
|---|---|
| Alluvial soil | नदियों की लाई उपजाऊ मिट्टी |
| Black soil | काली कपास वाली मिट्टी |
| Red soil | लाल रंग की दक्षिणी मिट्टी |
| Laterite soil | लोहे/एल्युमिनियम वाली, ईंट बनाने में उपयोग |
| Mountain soil | पहाड़ों की मिट्टी |
| Soil erosion | मिट्टी का बह जाना/उड़ना |
| Crop rotation | फसल बदल-बदल कर बोना |
| Silt | बारीक गाद जो नदी लाती है |
| Delta | नदी के मुहाने पर तिकोना मैदान |
| Groundwater | भूमि के नीचे का पानी |
2) 📝 Chapter Summary (English – ~250 words)
Water and soils are precious natural resources. Fresh water mainly comes from rain, rivers, lakes and groundwater. To use river water wisely, we build dams and canals. Dams store water in reservoirs for irrigation, supply drinking water, control floods and generate hydroelectricity. The Hirakud Dam on the Mahanadi is among the longest dams in India; the Damodar river system irrigates parts of West Bengal.
Soil is the thin top layer of the Earth in which plants grow. Its quality depends on rock type, climate, plants and time. India has several soil types. Alluvial soil, spread over the Northern Plains and deltas, is the most fertile. Black soil (formed from lava rocks) holds moisture and is ideal for cotton. Red soil is common in south India. Laterite soil forms in heavy rainfall areas and is used to make bricks. Mountain soil occurs in hilly regions.
Soil needs protection. Soil erosion is caused by cutting forests, overgrazing and strong winds or water. We can conserve soil by planting trees, terrace farming on slopes, building check dams and practicing crop rotation and mulching. In south India, rainwater is often stored in tanks and ponds for irrigation.
Water and soils together support agriculture, industry and life. Saving water, avoiding pollution and preventing erosion keep these resources healthy for the future.
3) 📝 अध्याय का सार (हिंदी – ~250 शब्द)
जल और मिट्टी हमारे सबसे आवश्यक प्राकृतिक संसाधन हैं। मीठा पानी वर्षा, नदियों, झीलों और भूजल से मिलता है। नदियों के पानी का सही उपयोग करने के लिए बाँध व नहरें बनाई जाती हैं। बाँधों में बना जलाशय सिंचाई, पेयजल, बाढ़-नियंत्रण और जलविद्युत (Hydroelectricity) के लिए उपयोग होता है। महानदी पर बना हिराकुद बाँध भारत के सबसे लंबे बाँधों में है। दामोदर नदी प्रणाली से पश्चिम बंगाल में सिंचाई होती है।
मिट्टी पृथ्वी की ऊपरी पतली परत है जिसमें पौधे उगते हैं। भारत में कई प्रकार की मिट्टियाँ हैं। जलोढ़ (Alluvial) मिट्टी उत्तरी मैदान और डेल्टा में पाई जाती है और सबसे उपजाऊ मानी जाती है। काली मिट्टी (लावा शैलों से बनी) नमी रोकती है—कपास के लिए उपयुक्त। लाल मिट्टी दक्षिण भारत में मिलती है। लेटराइट मिट्टी अधिक वर्षा वाले क्षेत्रों में बनती है और ईंट बनाने में काम आती है। पर्वतीय मिट्टी पहाड़ी इलाकों में पाई जाती है।
मृदा अपरदन यानी मिट्टी का बह जाना—वनों की कटाई, अत्यधिक चराई और तेज़ हवा/पानी से होता है। संरक्षण के लिए वृक्षारोपण, सीढ़ीदार खेती, चेक-डैम, फसल चक्र (Crop rotation) और वर्षा जल-संग्रह अपनाएँ। दक्षिण भारत में वर्षा का पानी प्रायः टैंकों और तालाबों में जमा किया जाता है।
जल और मिट्टी से ही खेती, उद्योग और जीवन चल सकता है; इसलिए पानी बचाएँ, प्रदूषण रोकें और मिट्टी का कटाव रोककर इन संसाधनों की रक्षा करें।
4) 🔹 Ten Most Important One-Word Answers
- State irrigated by Damodar river system: West Bengal
- River of Hirakud Dam: Mahanadi
- Soil from lava rocks: Black soil
- Laterite soil used to make: Bricks
- Improves soil quality: Crop rotation
- Bhakra-Nangal Dam matches with: Largest dam (multipurpose)
- Sardar Sarovar Dam built on: Narmada
- Most fertile soil in India: Alluvial soil
- Main source of fresh water: Rain
- Dug for irrigation: Canal
5) ✨ Very Short Answer Questions (2–3 lines each)
1) Why is irrigation needed?
Rainfall is uneven and seasonal. Irrigation provides water at the right time so crops do not fail.
2) What is hydroelectricity?
Electricity produced from the energy of falling/stored water at dams through turbines.
3) What is a multipurpose project?
A dam project that serves many uses—irrigation, power, flood control, navigation and drinking water.
4) Name the major soil types of India.
Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite, Mountain (and Desert/Arid in some regions).
5) How can we prevent soil erosion?
Plant trees, terrace farming, contour ploughing, check dams, avoid overgrazing and practice crop rotation.
6) Why is black soil suitable for cotton?
It is clayey, deep and holds moisture, which cotton needs for growth.
7) What are tanks and ponds used for in South India?
They store monsoon rainwater for irrigation and drinking needs during dry months.
8) What is topsoil?
The upper humus-rich layer of soil where roots grow; it is most fertile.
9) Which soil is common in hilly regions?
Mountain soil.
10) Name any two important dams of India.
Hirakud (Mahanadi) and Bhakra-Nangal (Satluj); Sardar Sarovar (Narmada) is another.
6) 📷 Textbook Questions – Perfect Answers
A) Choose the correct answer
| # | Question | Correct Option |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Damodar River provides irrigation water to which state? | West Bengal |
| 2 | The Hirakud Dam is built on which river? | Mahanadi |
| 3 | Which soil is formed by breaking up of lava rocks? | Black soil |
| 4 | Laterite soil can be used for making which of these? | Bricks |
| 5 | Which of these improves the quality of soil? | Crop rotation |
B) Match the columns
| Column A | Column B (Match) |
|---|---|
| 1. Bhakra-Nangal Dam | Largest dam in India (major multipurpose project) |
| 2. Sardar Sarovar Dam | Built on the river Narmada |
| 3. Fertile soil | Crops grow well |
| 4. Black soil | Suitable for cotton cultivation |
| 5. Red soil | South India |
C) Fill in the blanks
- Our main source of fresh water is rain.
- In South India, rainwater is mostly stored in tanks and ponds.
- Hirakud Dam is the longest dam in India.
- Soil is the top layer of the earth’s surface in which plants and trees grow.
- Alluvial soil is the most fertile soil found in India.
D) Unscramble the letters to form correct words
| Jumbled | Answer |
|---|---|
| ANCAL | CANAL |
| RODYHTCIYCTIRLEE | HYDROELECTRICITY |
| ERITFEL | FERTILE |
| LULALVAI OSLI | ALLUVIAL SOIL |
| ANITUMON OSLI | MOUNTAIN SOIL |
E) Answer the following questions
1) Why is irrigation needed?
Because monsoon rain is uncertain and uneven. Irrigation supplies water to crops when required and increases production.
2) What is hydroelectricity?
Electric power generated by using the energy of falling/stored water at dams.
3) What is a multi-purpose project?
A river project that provides several benefits together—irrigation, hydroelectricity, flood control, navigation and drinking water (e.g., Bhakra-Nangal, Sardar Sarovar).
4) How many types of soils are found in India? Name them.
Five main types for this class level: Alluvial, Black, Red, Laterite and Mountain (plus Desert soil in arid areas).
5) How can we prevent soil erosion?
By planting trees, terrace farming on slopes, contour ploughing, using check dams/grass cover, avoiding overgrazing and practicing crop rotation.
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