• Weather vs Climate: Weather = short-term condition at a place/time; Climate = long-term average (years) over a region. Weather changes fast; climate changes slowly.
• Meteorology: Study of atmosphere, clouds, winds, storms, rainfall, lightning; observatories gather data; forecasts support agriculture, aviation, shipping, disaster preparedness.
• Monsoon prediction: Uses statistical, dynamic (mathematical) and holistic models; parameters include ocean temperature, pressure patterns, winds; supercomputers analyze data.
• Solid Waste: Domestic, industrial, biomedical, farm/garden, e-waste, urban, mining, radioactive etc. Segregate as wet (biodegradable) and dry (non-biodegradable).
• Harmful effects of unmanaged waste: Air/soil/water pollution, foul odour, disease spread, biodiversity loss, urban flooding (blocked drains).
• Management pipeline: Segregation → Collection → Treatment (composting/vermicompost, biomethanation/pyrolysis, recycling, safe landfill, biomedical incineration) → Resource recovery.
• 7 Principles (7R): Rethink, Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Research, Regulation & Public awareness.
• Degradation time awareness: Banana peel (3–4 weeks) → Aluminium can (200–250 years); some plastics ~ very long; avoid single-use items.
• Disaster Management: Prevention, preparedness, response, relief, rescue, rehabilitation. Weather forecasting aids early warning for storms, floods, heat/cold waves, tsunami, etc.
• First Aid – ABC: Airway (open), Breathing (rescue breaths if needed), Circulation (CPR). Control bleeding, immobilize fractures, cool burns, apply RICE for sprains, safe patient transport.

1) Define weather.

Atmospheric condition at a specific time and place.

2) Define climate.

Long-term average of weather over a region (several years).

3) What does meteorology study?

Atmosphere, weather systems, and related processes.

4) Name two users of weather forecasts.

Farmers and aviation services (also fisheries, shipping).

5) Full form of IMD.

India Meteorological Department.

6) What is an observatory?

A station recording meteorological parameters.

7) State two climatic factors.

Temperature, humidity (also wind, pressure, rainfall, clouds, visibility).

8) What is solid waste?

Solid materials discarded from daily activities.

9) Give an example of biodegradable waste.

Vegetable peels / food scraps.

10) Give an example of non-biodegradable waste.

Plastic bottle / aluminium can.

11) What is composting?

Biodegradation of organic waste to manure.

12) State 3R mantra.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

13) Why is e-waste harmful?

Contains toxic metals/chemicals; pollutes soil and water.

14) Which month is “World Meteorological Day” celebrated?

March (23rd March).

15) What is landfill?

Engineered site for safe waste disposal by layering/covering.

16) Expand CPR.

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation.

17) First step of first aid ABC.

A – Airway: open the airway.

18) What is RICE?

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (for sprains).

19) One safe patient carry method for a child.

Cradle carry.

20) One link between forecast and disaster management.

Early warnings reduce loss of life/property.

1) How does climate influence lifestyle?

Affects food, clothing, housing, occupations of a region.

2) Why are long-term records needed to study climate?

Climate is based on averages over many years, not daily changes.

3) Name two Indian cities with IMD regional offices.

Mumbai and Chennai (also Kolkata, Nagpur, Delhi).

4) What is a statistical monsoon model?

Forecast using historical relations of parameters (e.g., pressure, SST).

5) What is a dynamic model?

Mathematical simulation of atmosphere–ocean physics.

6) Why segregate wet and dry waste?

Enables composting/recycling and reduces landfill burden.

7) State one effect of unmanaged waste in cities.

Urban flooding due to clogged drains.

8) Give one biomedical waste example.

Used syringes / bandages.

9) How is biomedical waste treated?

Incineration/authorized treatment facilities.

10) List any two 7R principles beyond 3R.

Rethink, Refuse (also Research, Regulation).

11) What is pyrolysis/biomethanation used for?

Energy from waste (bioelectricity/biogas/fuel).

12) Typical degradation time of aluminium can?

About 200–250 years.

13) Immediate care for minor burns?

Cool under clean running water for ~10 minutes.

14) First aid for heavy bleeding?

Direct pressure with clean pad for ~5 minutes.

15) What to do in suspected fracture?

Immobilize with splints; avoid movement; seek help.

16) Name one safe patient transport when waist support is needed.

Two-hand chair carry.

17) Which disasters are forecast-sensitive?

Cyclones, floods, heat/cold waves, heavy rainfall.

18) One household habit supporting waste management.

Using cloth bags instead of plastic.

19) Why avoid “use-and-throw” items?

Increase non-biodegradable waste and pollution.

20) Give one link between soil microbes and climate.

Decomposition rate & humus formation depend on climate.

1) Differentiate weather and climate with examples.

Weather: “Rain today in Mumbai.” Climate: “Mumbai has humid tropical climate judged over years.”

2) Why is meteorology important for an agrarian country?

Guides sowing/harvest, irrigation, pest/disease alerts, minimizing crop loss via forecasts.

3) How do satellites help IMD?

Provide cloud, rainfall, wind and sea-surface data to improve accuracy of forecasts and warnings.

4) Explain holistic model for monsoon.

Combines outputs of the best-performing models/parameters to issue a consolidated forecast.

5) Classify solid waste by source with one example each.

Domestic: food scraps; Industrial: ash/chemicals; Biomedical: syringes; E-waste: phones; Garden: leaves.

6) Why is segregation at source essential?

Prevents contamination, increases recycling/compost yield, lowers treatment cost.

7) List eco-friendly treatments for wet waste.

Composting, vermicomposting, biomethanation (biogas → electricity).

8) How can unmanaged waste cause disasters?

Blocks drainage → urban floods; piles emit toxic gases; disease vectors proliferate.

9) State two habits that reduce dry waste generation.

Carry refillable bottle; use rechargeable batteries; avoid single-use plastics.

10) Why is e-waste a special concern?

Contains lead, cadmium, mercury; improper disposal contaminates ecosystems and harms health.

11) Outline first aid ABC with one action each.

Airway: head tilt–chin lift; Breathing: rescue breaths; Circulation: chest compressions (CPR).

12) What is RICE and when is it applied?

Rest–Ice–Compression–Elevation for sprains/strains to reduce pain & swelling.

13) Safe transport options for unconscious patient.

Piggyback (short), pull/lift method carefully, stretcher if available; keep spine neutral.

14) How does forecast support disaster management?

Early warnings trigger evacuation, resource pre-positioning, and life-saving advisories.

15) Mention two benefits of recycling.

Conserves resources, saves energy, reduces landfill and pollution.

16) Give one reason industrial waste needs regulation.

Toxic chemicals can harm workers, communities, and biodiversity without controls.

17) Why should drains be kept clean before monsoon?

Prevent waterlogging/floods and reduce disease outbreaks.

18) State one advantage of vermicomposting for schools.

Turns canteen waste into manure for gardens; educates students on circularity.

19) What is the role of public awareness in waste management?

Behavior change (segregation, 7R) makes systems effective and sustainable.

20) Suggest two home actions to cut carbon/waste.

Use cloth bags & steel lunch boxes; compost kitchen waste; repair instead of replacing.

Column ‘A’	Correct match in ‘B’	Impact on environment
1. Harmful waste	c. Radioactive material	Highly toxic; long-term contamination; requires strict containment.
2. Domestic waste	d. Left over food, vegetables, fruit peels	Biodegradable; if unmanaged causes odour, pests; can be composted.
3. Biomedical waste	e. Bandages, cotton, needles	Infectious; needs segregation & authorized treatment (incineration).
4. Industrial waste	b. Chemicals, pigments, ash	May be hazardous; treat to prevent soil/water/air pollution.
5. Urban waste	a. Glass, rubber, carry bags	Mixed waste; segregation & recycling essential to cut landfill.

a) Of abiotic factors, most important for biodiversity is ............

Answer: climate. It governs temperature, moisture, seasons—key to species distribution.

b) Short-duration description at a place is ............

Answer: weather. It captures day-to-day atmospheric conditions.

c) Irrespective of human progress, we must think about ............

Answer: geographic favourability. Development must respect local terrain and climate limits.

d) Places recording climatic factors are called ............

Answer: observatory. Observatories collect continuous weather data for forecasts.

a) How is first aid provided to injured disaster victims?

Ensure scene safety; apply ABC (open airway, check breathing, start CPR if needed). Control bleeding with direct pressure, immobilize fractures, cool burns with water for ~10 minutes, apply RICE for sprains, and transport using appropriate carries/stretcher keeping spine neutral.

b) Scientific & eco-friendly waste management methods?

Segregation at source; composting/vermicompost for wet waste; biomethanation/pyrolysis for energy; recycling of paper/glass/metal/plastic; authorized biomedical treatment; engineered landfills for residuals; e-waste to authorized recyclers; public awareness & 7R.

c) Explain weather forecasting–disaster management relationship.

Forecasts provide early warnings for heavy rain, cyclones, heat/cold waves, enabling evacuation, resource pre-positioning, flood control actions and targeted advisories—reducing casualties and damage.

d) Why is e-waste harmful? Your opinion.

E-waste carries toxic metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) and persistent organics; informal burning/acid leaching pollutes air/water/soil and harms workers; must be collected and recycled safely under regulation.

e) How will you register individual participation in solid waste management?

Segregate wet/dry at home; compost kitchen waste; carry cloth bags; refuse single-use items; clean neighbourhood; participate in awareness drives; hand over e-waste to authorized centres.

Meteorology

Science of atmosphere and weather; uses observatories, radars, satellites, models to forecast for sectors like farming, aviation, shipping, disaster response.

Climatic factors

Temperature, humidity, pressure, wind, clouds, rainfall, visibility—together shape weather & long-term climate.

Monsoon model

Statistical, dynamic and holistic approaches using ocean–atmosphere parameters; supercomputers process data to predict seasonal rains.

Industrial waste

By-products like chemicals, pigments, ash—may be hazardous; require treatment, recovery and safe disposal.

Plastic waste

Non-biodegradable; persists for decades; manage via reduction, reuse, segregation, recycling, and alternatives (cloth/jute).

Principles of first aid

ABC of life support, bleeding control, immobilization of fractures, burn cooling, RICE for sprains, safe transport, timely medical referral.

Climate decides crop calendars and yields; guides clothing/housing (e.g., insulation in cold vs ventilation in hot regions); shapes soil formation and nutrient cycles; influences ocean salinity/currents affecting fisheries; overall, ecosystem distribution and human livelihoods depend on climate.

Stabilize first (ABC). For suspected spinal injury, use firm stretcher and avoid twisting. Select carry method (cradle, two-hand chair, piggyback) based on injury; keep injured limb elevated if needed; secure bandages/splints and monitor consciousness/breathing throughout.

Weather	Climate
Short-term; day-to-day; local.	Long-term average (years); regional.
Highly variable.	Relatively stable/slow-changing.
Measured hourly/daily.	Analyzed over decades.

Degradable (Biodegradable)	Non-degradable
Microbes decompose quickly (food waste, leaves).	Persist for long (plastic, metals, glass).
Can be composted/biogas.	Prefer reuse/recycle or safe landfill.